Demographic research on migration in Israel is especially important because migration has played a central role in shaping the country’s population size, ethnic composition, and economic development since its establishment. Furthermore, the large-scale Jewish migration waves to Israel in the latter half of the 20th century differ from migration to other high-income countries, as they were considerably larger than the receiving population at the time and were less selective on individual characteristics such as age, gender, and human capital. In more recent years, however, Israel has also drawn considerable labor migration as well as refugee and asylum-seeker populations, and it is currently facing growing emigration against the backdrop of political instability and protracted conflict. This rapidly changing population dynamic offers unique opportunities to study assimilation, ethnic stratification, transnational ties, and the long-term demographic impact of migration.